Overage labor, intergenerational financial support, and depression among older rural residents: evidence from China.

Background: Depression is a major factor affecting the happiness of older rural residents. With the increasing aging of the Chinese population, overage labor is becoming more prevalent in rural areas of China. This study aimed to assess whether, and if so, how, overage labor affects depression status in older rural residents. Methods: Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, this study explored the association between overage labor and depression among older rural residents by using ordinary least squares and moderated mediation models. Results: The results show that overage labor significantly reduced levels of depression in older rural residents. This result remained robust after using propensity score matching and double machine learning. Furthermore, the improvement of older rural residents' depression via overage labor is mainly achieved through work income, but this mediating effect is negatively moderated by intergenerational financial support. This implies that in traditional Chinese rural society, intergenerational financial support from children plays an important role in reducing depression among older rural residents. Conclusion: Our findings have potential policy implications for China and other developing countries in terms of addressing issues related to aging and depression in older adults.

Overage labor, value perceptions, and happiness in urban older adults' lives: Empirical evidence from China.

Background: Over the past four decades, China has seen a rapid increase in the level of urbanization, along with an increasing number of older adults. How to promote active aging in the midst of rapid urbanization has become a new challenge for the Chinese government and all sectors of society. This study attempts to verify the relationship between overage labor and happiness in life, and further explore the possible mediating role of multidimensional value perceptions. Method: Based on 5010 valid samples from the 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018 China Health and Aging Tracking Survey datasets (CHARLS), the study explored and tested the differences in happiness in life between older adults with overage labor and retired older adults. In addition, this study further examined the mediating role of multidimensional value perceptions using a mediation model. Results: (1) Urban older adults with overage labor had significantly higher levels of happiness in life compared to urban retired older adults. (2) The higher level of life happiness of urban older adults with overage labor depends on their perceptions of different values; (3) Specifically, the realization of value perceptions in personal, family and social dimensions through labor contributes to the life happiness of urban older adults with overage labor. Conclusion: There is a significant difference between urban old adults with overage labor and urban retired old adults in terms of happiness in life. At the same time, the study confirmed that all three aspects of value perceptions, such as personal, family and social, are the mediating mechanisms between overage labor and urban old adults in terms of happiness in life.

Is life satisfaction higher for citizens engaged in political participation: Analysis based on the Chinese social survey.

BACKGROUND: Political participation is an important component of civil rights. Several studies have shown that citizens' political participation not only influences the allocation of public resources, but also has a positive correlation with participants' life satisfaction. Recently, political participation has become increasingly frequent in China; however, the research on Chinese citizens' political participation and life satisfaction is insufficient. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between political participation and life satisfaction in the Chinese cultural context, and how this relationship varied under different conditions. METHODS: Based on 8,475 respondents from the 2015 Chinese Social Survey, ordinary least squares modeling was used to investigate the relationship of Chinese citizens' political participation and their life satisfaction, and the differences that might exist in this relationship. RESULTS: Political participation was closely related to life satisfaction. Compared with non-political participants, the life satisfaction of political participants was 0.133 units higher, which was significant at the 1% level. Regarding the types of political participation, citizens engaged in institutionalized political participation had higher life satisfaction, whereas citizens engaged in non-institutionalized political participation had lower life satisfaction. Furthermore, two social capitals, namely social tolerance and social trust, were the mediating variables linking political participation to citizens' life satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: In China, citizens engaged in political participation had higher life satisfaction, in contrast, citizens engaged in non-institutionalized political participation had lower life satisfaction.

Effects of Serving as a State Functionary on Self-Rated Health: Empirical Evidence From China.

Purpose: There is a strong link between occupation and self-rated health. Existing research has revealed the effects of occupation on self-rated health outcomes and the corresponding mechanisms. However, there is a lack of research on the effects of state services on self-rated health in China. Therefore, this study focuses on exploring the effects of serving as a state functionary in China on self-rated health to enrich research in related fields. Method: Based on the data of 14,138 individuals collected from the 2016 China Labour-Force Dynamics Survey, the logit model was used to investigate the effects of serving as a state functionary on self-rated health and the difference in the effects across different populations. Results: The results show that (1) serving as a state functionary has a significant positive effect on self-rated health; (2) self-rated health of elderly state functionaries is higher than that of younger state functionaries; (3) self-rated health of state functionaries in non-eastern regions is higher than that of state functionaries in eastern regions; and (4) state functionaries with lower education have higher self-rated health than highly-educated state functionaries; (5) Higher self-rated health of state functionaries is achieved primarily through better work time, better work environment and lower relative deprivation. Conclusion: Serving as a state functionary in China has a significant positive correlation with self-rated health, with differences across populations of state functionaries. This study expands the current literature on the effects of occupation on self-rated health in the context of China.

The effect of serving as a danwei leader before retirement on self-rated post-retirement health: empirical evidence from China.

BACKGROUND: Worker health is often influenced by their occupation type, and the accumulative effect of occupation has a significant impact on their health after retirement. Studies show that the type and level of occupation before retirement directly impact workers' self-rated post-retirement health. However, there is little research on the self-rated post-retirement health of danwei leaders in China. This study seeks to examine the self-rated health level of Chinese danwei leaders after retirement. Furthermore, the differences between their self-rated health level and that of retirees from other occupations are explored by examining the accumulative effect of occupation and the mechanism underlying these differences. METHODS: Based on 5,910 samples' data from the 2018 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey, ordinary least squares, logit, and propensity score matching models are used to investigate the self-rated health level of Chinese danwei leaders after retirement, their differences with other occupations, and the corresponding mechanism. RESULTS: The results show that retired danwei leaders have higher self-rated health levels than retirees in other occupations. This was mainly found among female, non-eastern, married, not living with children, and highly educated respondents. The difference in self-rated health between retired danwei leaders and other retired groups was influenced by their post-retirement income and social status. CONCLUSIONS: In China, retired danwei leaders rated their health higher than retirees from other occupations. Danwei leaders have high socioeconomic status due to their occupation. Compared with other groups, their advantages are significant and enjoyed for a long time. Additionally, most danwei leaders have high social influence even after retirement and their higher income and social status have a positive impact on their self-rated health compared with other employees. This study provides empirical evidence from China and extends current literature on the effects of occupational type and level on self-rated health after retirement.

Depression Levels of State Functionaries: Empirical Evidence From China.

This study aimed to explore the depression levels of those serving as state functionaries in China. We used data from the 2016 China Labor-force Dynamics Survey and the ordinary least squares model for the regression analysis. The results found: i) The degree of depression of state functionaries was found to be lower than that of other workers; that is, the overall depression index of state functionaries was 1.010 points lower, and the result was significant at the degree of 1%; ii) state functionaries had a lower degree of depression than workers in all other occupation groups; iii) older state functionaries had lower depression than their younger counterparts; iv) the degree of depression of state functionaries in the provinces involved in China's three major urban agglomerations was higher than that of those in other provinces; and v) the degree of depression of female state functionaries was lower than that their male peers. Thus, there is an association between serving as a state functionary in China and depression. State functionaries have lower levels of depression than other working groups. These levels were generally lower but varied according to age, sex, and province.

The Positive Impact of Having Served as a Danwei Leader on Post-retirement Life Satisfaction: Experiences in China.

Relevance deprivation syndrome refers to feelings of incompetence among retired people caused by them leaving their high status or influential jobs. The question then arises: do people in positions of power, like Danwei leaders in China, have a lower life satisfaction post-retirement compared to other groups? This study investigated the influence of serving as a Danwei leader before retirement on retirees' life satisfaction, as well as differences in this influence and the channels through which they are affected. Based on the data of 5,873 respondents of the 2018 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey, ordinary least-squares, ordered logistic regression, and propensity score matching models were used to investigate the influence, differences, and influential mechanisms of serving as a Danwei leader before retirement on retirees' life satisfaction. We found that Danwei leaders experience a significantly positive impact on their life satisfaction post-retirement. Second, the positive impact of having served in this role on peoples' post-retirement life satisfaction is related to the resulting higher income, social status, and better living habits. In contrast to the perspective of relevance deprivation syndrome, in China, having been a Danwei leader before retirement has a significantly positive impact on peoples' life satisfaction post-retirement, with there being a significant difference observed among different types of retired Danwei leaders.